Right or wrong ? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct any mistakes in the highlighted phrases.

Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use a narrative tense or would / used to.

Complete the sentences with the abstract nouns of the bold words.

Complete the sentences with the abstract nouns of the bold words.

Complete the sentences with the abstract nouns of the bold words.

Complete the sentences with the abstract nouns of the bold words.

Complete the sentences with the abstract nouns of the bold words.

Complete the sentences with the abstract nouns of the bold words.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Look at the word pairs. Choose the abstract nouns where the stress is different.

Look at the word pairs. Choose the abstract nouns where the stress is different.

Look at the word pairs. Choose the abstract nouns where the stress is different.

Listen to five people talking about their earliest memories. Which speaker doubts whether they can actually remember experiencing the incident?

Listen again and answer the questions with speakers 1-5. Use each speaker twice. Who talks about…?

Read the article once. What year do childhood memories need to survive until to stand a chance of making it into adulthood?

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When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).

When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

1. Question:

At the age of five or six, children tend to still remember events that happened when they were two.

Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).

When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

2. Question:

From the age of seven, early memories don’t feature key details like location.

Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).

When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

3. Question:

Children recalled six different life events at their later sessions with the psychologist.

Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).

When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

4. Question:

The events discussed with the psychologist included day-to-day school life and the context of lessons.

Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).

When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

5. Question:

By the age of eight or nine, children could only recall approximately a third of their early memories.

Read the article again and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false).

When childhood memories fade

Most adults struggle to recall events from their first few years of life and now scientists have identified exactly when these childhood memories are lost forever. A new study into childhood amnesia – the phenomenon where early memories are forgotten — has found that it tends to take effect around the age of seven.
The researchers found that while most three year olds can recall a lot of what happened to them over a year earlier, these memories can persist while they are five and six, by the time they are over seven these memories decline rapidly.
The psychologists behind the research say this is because at around this age the way we form memories begins to change. Before the age of seven, children tend to have an immature form of recall where they do not have a sense of time or place in their memories. In older children, however, the early events they can recall tend to be more adult like in their content and the way they are formed. Children also have a far faster rate of forgetting than adults and so the turnover of memories tends to be higher, meaning early memories are less likely to survive.
Professor Patricia Bauer, a psychologist and associate dean for research at Emory College of Art and Science, studied 83 children over several years for the research, which was published in the scientific journal Memory. The youngsters first visited the laboratory at the age of three years old and discussed six unique events from their past, such as family outings, camping holidays, trips to the zoo, first day of school and birthdays. The children then returned for a second session at the ages between five years old and nine years old to discuss the same events and were asked to recall details they had previously remembered.
The researchers found that between the ages of five and seven, the amount of memories the children could recall remained between 63 and 72 per cent. However, the amount of information the children who were eight and nine years old could remember dropped dramatically to 35 and 36 per cent.
When the researchers looked closely at the kind of details the children were and were not able to remember, they found marked age differences. The memories of the younger children tended to lack autobiographical narrative such as place and time. Their memories also had less narrative, which researchers believe may lead to a process known as ‘retrieval induced forgetting’ — where the action of remembering causes other information to be forgotten. As the children got older, however, the memories they recalled from early childhood tended to have these features.
Professor Bauer said, ‘The fact that the younger children had less complete narratives relative to the older children, likely has consequences for the continued accessibility of early memories beyond the first decade of life. We anticipate that memories that survive into the ninth or tenth year of life, when narrative skills are more developed, would continue to be accessible over time.’

6. Question:

The researchers found out that the kind of details which stayed in the mind didn’t alter much over the years.